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Statistical Assessment of Access and Usage of Water, Hygiene and Sanitation and Natural Resources Focusing on Gatse and Kole Zale Kebeles, SNNPR Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2020
Pages:
1-7
Received:
13 December 2019
Accepted:
31 December 2019
Published:
8 January 2020
Abstract: For the rural area residents to have a sustainable access of quality water, centers and awareness for hygiene and sanitation, and fair distribution of natural resources are the basic needs and requirements to stay there and focusing on their day to day farming activities. For this, there should be appropriate administration and information on these aspects and continuous assessment by the concerned bodies. The main objective of this study is to assess how these facilities and resources are managed and used by the residents of rural area. For data collection two kebeles, Gatse and Kole Zale from Arba Minch Zuriya Wereda and Bonke Wereda of Gamo Zone, respectively, are considered. A total of 96 respondents are selected based on simple random selection and the collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive analysis (tables and charts) and chi-square analyses are employed to assess the overall situations in each kebele and within kebeles. Most of the respondents are in age group from 28 to 50 years (Gatse (80.4%) and Kole Zale (60%)), and in both kebeles more than 70% are illiterate. Majority of Respondents in Gatse (80.4%) and in Kole Zale (66.7%) reported that they have access to water and main source of drinking water in these kebeles are reported to be protected spring (Gatse 29.4%) and unprotected spring (Kole Zale 53.3%). For hygiene and sanitation it is reported that residents in Gatse kebele use water only (70.6%) and water and soap (29.4%) to wash their hand while residents in Kole Zale kebele use water only (33.3%) and water and soap (64.4%) to wash their (also their family members') hand. For natural resources majority of the respondents in Gatse kebele reported that they have access for forest, farm land and grazing land (66.7%, 94.1% and 51%, respectively) while respondents in Kole Zale kebele reported they have access for forest, farm land and grazing land (77.8%, 100%, and 44.4%, respectively). Based on the reports and summary statistics we can conclude that water accessibility and hygiene practice are in good condition in Gatse Kebele while residents in Kole Zale Kebele have relatively high access for Natural Resources. Also we can conclude that there is no association between villages/kebeles where the residents live and access of quality water, forest, grazing land and farm land.
Abstract: For the rural area residents to have a sustainable access of quality water, centers and awareness for hygiene and sanitation, and fair distribution of natural resources are the basic needs and requirements to stay there and focusing on their day to day farming activities. For this, there should be appropriate administration and information on these...
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Application of Sampling Technique to Teacher-Student Ratio in Post Primary Schools of Adamawa State, Nigeria
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2020
Pages:
8-15
Received:
20 June 2019
Accepted:
2 January 2020
Published:
17 January 2020
Abstract: National and state-level policies recognize the critical role that teachers play in ensuring that all students learn and building capacity for instrumental excellence in schools. Teachers influence students learning more than any other factor in the school and the dividends of effective teaching quality. In Adamawa state, there is unequal distribution of teachers to public schools which made parents prefer sending their children to private schools rather than the public schools. The study attempts to examines the uniformity of teachers distribution into various educational zones and local governments across the state and also attempt to solve these by applying sampling techniques to allocate and distribute teachers to educational zones and local government of the state. Ratio estimate method was employed to estimate the students’ population and compute the students-teacher ratio. The study found unequal distribution for teachers among the urban and rural areas and slight high teachers-students ratio compare to standard of the UNESCO, which is 1:30. To these reasons, the work recommend the application of sampling technique to the management of Adamawa state post primary school management board, Yola for posting and allocation of teachers, and encourage the state government to shift developments to rural areas of the state in order to discourage migration of teachers to urban centers for search of social amenities.
Abstract: National and state-level policies recognize the critical role that teachers play in ensuring that all students learn and building capacity for instrumental excellence in schools. Teachers influence students learning more than any other factor in the school and the dividends of effective teaching quality. In Adamawa state, there is unequal distribut...
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A Mathematical Model and Analysis of an SVEIR Model for Streptococcus Pneumonia with Saturated Incidence Force of Infection
Opara Chiekezi Zephaniah,
Uche-Iwe Ruth Nwaugonma,
Inyama Simeon Chioma,
Omame Adrew
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2020
Pages:
16-38
Received:
16 October 2019
Accepted:
28 November 2019
Published:
19 February 2020
Abstract: In this paper, the dynamics of SVEIR model with saturated incidence force of infection and saturated vaccination function for Streptococcus pneumonia (that is, model that monitors the temporal transmission dynamics of the disease in the presence of preventive vaccine) was formulated and analyzed. The basic reproduction number that determines disease extinction and disease survival was revealed. The existing threshold conditions of all kinds of the equilibrium points are obtained and proved to be locally asymptotic stable for disease-free equilibrium using linearization method and Lyapunov functional method for Endemic equilibrium. Qualitative Analysis of the model was obtained and the positive of solution obtained. It was revealed that the model is positively –invariant and attracting. Thus the region is positively invariant. Hence, it is sufficient to consider the dynamics of the model (1) in the given region. In this region, the model can be considered as been epidemiologically and mathematically well-posed. The governing model was normalized and also Adomian Decomposition method was used to compute an approximate solution of the non-linear system of differential equations governing the model. Maple was used in carrying out the simulations (numerical solutions) of the model. Graphical results were presented and discussed to illustrate the solution of the problem. The achieved results reveal that the disease will die out within the community if the vaccination coverage is above the critical vaccination proportion. The study indicates that we should improve the efficiency and enlarge the capacity of the treatment to control the spread of disease.
Abstract: In this paper, the dynamics of SVEIR model with saturated incidence force of infection and saturated vaccination function for Streptococcus pneumonia (that is, model that monitors the temporal transmission dynamics of the disease in the presence of preventive vaccine) was formulated and analyzed. The basic reproduction number that determines diseas...
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Fitting Time-series Models to Kisumu Rainfall Data for the Period 1961-2014
Mawora Thomas Mwakudisa,
Edgar Ouko Otumba,
Joyce Akinyi Otieno
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2020
Pages:
39-46
Received:
16 January 2020
Accepted:
6 February 2020
Published:
19 February 2020
Abstract: Many small-scale farmers require adequate forecasts to help them plan for the rainfall. The National Meteorological Service provides forecasts seasonally, monthly and weekly. The forecasts are qualitative in nature hence inform, but cannot be directly used with decision support models. It is therefore important to consider forecast methods that researchers can use to generate quantitative data that can be applied in the models. In particular, an increasing need for forecasting daily rainfall data. In this study, the ARIMA and VAR models have been used to forecast five time period data for daily, monthly and seasonal rainfall data. The objective was to find the model parameters that best fit the three time periods. Fifty-year data from Kenya Meteorological Station, Kisumu, was used for the analysis. For each time period, five events were used as the test dataset. The ARIMA model was found to be best for forecasting daily rainfall in comparison to the VAR model, while SARIMA was best for monthly and seasonal data. One difference was done for the seasonal rainfall total, but not for monthly and monthly rainfall data. The VAR models included the available daily minimum and maximum temperatures. However, forecasted daily rainfall deviated from the test data, while monthly and seasonal data deviated even more.
Abstract: Many small-scale farmers require adequate forecasts to help them plan for the rainfall. The National Meteorological Service provides forecasts seasonally, monthly and weekly. The forecasts are qualitative in nature hence inform, but cannot be directly used with decision support models. It is therefore important to consider forecast methods that res...
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